Apart from that, some waveforms with hybrid IMOPs, such as the discrete phase codes on linear frequency modulation (LFM), multiple frequency-shift keying (FSK) waveform outperformed by a chirp modulation, and the combination of FSK and phase-shift keying (PSK) modulations, have also been reported. The newly emerging radar systems, such as the cognitive radar, the waveform-agile radar, and the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, are changing their operation modes and bringing waveforms with various kinds of complicated IMOPs. Pulse modulation classification is a technique aiming at recognizing the intentional intra-pulse modulations of radar signals and is becoming more and more difficult because of the ever-increasing number of emitters and low probability of intercept (LPI) radar waveforms that have appeared in modern electromagnetic environment. The feature of UMOP is usually applied for the purpose of specific emitter identification while the feature of IMOP is mainly used to collect intelligence of a hostile radar system. In the EW context, modulations on radar pulses are divided into two classes, the intentional modulation on pulse (IMOP) and the unintentional modulation on pulse (UMOP). Pulse modulation classification plays an essential role in modern intercept receivers for electronic warfare (EW) applications such as threat recognition and analysis, construction of effective jamming responses and radar emitter identification.
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